- rigid rectoscopy
- flexible rectosigmoidoscopy
- colonoscopy
- irigography
- hemoccult test
Rigid rectoscopy requires a rigid metallic rectoscope and allows the examination of approx. 20-25 cm of the rectosigmoid. The device is not expensive, the technique is easy and it allows the diagnosis of rectal cancer. In addition to the anal examination and anoscopy (which diagnose the pathology of the anal channel and rectal ampoule), it may correctly evaluate the distal region of digestive tube.
Flexible rectosigmoidoscopy uses the flexible sigmoidoscope for the diagnosis. It allows the exact evaluation of the left colon (most often up to the splenic angle of colon), where 70-80% of colon neoplasms are only two enemas and the discomfort of the patient is not very high.
Barium enema evidences the colon by retrograde fulgilling of colon with barium. The double contrast technique is useful. It does not allow biopsy from suspect lesions and it does not allow therapeutic measures. The technique is the most widespread method of colon evaluation, but gas a diagnostic sensibility clearly inferior to the colonoscopy.
In the future it is anticipated the using of CT spiral (virtual colonoscopy) to reconstruct the colon and to diagnose the neoplasia or big polyps). Also in some dedicated centers, the abdominal ultrasound examination and especially hydrosonography may sometimes diagnose the colon neoplasm. Echoendoscopy allows the evaluation of the extension in layers of the neoplasm.
The Hemoccult test allows the determination of occult hemorrhages in the stool. It is rather a screening test, in general population; it helps to discover suspect persons that will be afterwards examinated endoscopically. The Hemoccult test is recommended every year, generally after 50 years of age. The Hemoccult test II, more modern, does not require special preparation and has a superior sensibility.
0 comentarii:
Post a Comment